captures
handwriting biometrics to enable secure document binding and identity
authentication.This technology assessment report is done over the use of biometrics in education. This report covers background information of biometrics, such as the technologies used, concerns, defense, distance learning, security, and efficiency. This report then states three policy options for the use of biometric in education. The main purpose of this report is to give information on biometrics, and its uses in education.
“Biometrics is the science and technology of verifying a person's identity.” Biometrics and Forensics Lab in 1998 stated that, biometrics measures the physical characteristics that make each of us distinctive, like the eye's retina or iris, fingerprints, a face, a hand, a voice - and uses those dimensions to confirm personal identity. Passwords are easy to steal and difficult to remember. Driver's licenses, keys, and passports can be lost or forged. On the other hand, the human body can not be forgotten, stolen, forged or lost. Practical uses for such biometrics are everywhere and include maintaining the security for both physical space and cyberspace. In particular, biometrics helps with controlling access to an office, a lab, or ATM, confirm the identity of buyers and sellers, protecting company networks from hackers, make electronic commerce safe and reliable, confirm student identity for distant learning and examinations, and keeping medical records on the web private. As face recognition technology requires little or no cooperation from the subject, it is becoming one of the top choices for biometrics and is starting to move into the commercial market. “Privacy is essential to any Public Sector use of biometrics. Issues such as data collection, storage and retention, linking and common identifiers, and consent and control over information must be thoroughly addressed to make sure that deployments are consistent with generally accepted privacy principles.” (International Biometric Group, 2004)
Most biometric verification systems operate using the following four-stage procedure, as stated by, GSA Federal Technology Service, and the International Biometric Group.Capture: A physical or behavioral sample is captured by the system during the initial enrollment.
Extraction: Unique data is extracted from the sample and a template is created.
Comparison: The template is later compared with a sample collected when the user attempts to enter the system.
Match/Non-Match: The system decides if the features extracted from the new sample are a match or a non-match with the template.
There are two ways to identify a person from there eye. The first method to identify a person by the eye is to scan their iris. “The iris is the pigmented, round, contractile membrane of the eye, suspended between the cornea and lens and perforated by the pupil” (Dictionary 2004). According to Dong-hun (n.d.) and Consumer Reports (2002) the iris scanning process works by taking digital images of the iris. The images then show a pattern of the iris. Each individual has their own unique pattern.
The second method to identify a person by the eye is to scan the retina. “The retina is a delicate, multilayered, light-sensitive membrane lining the inner eyeball and connected by the optic nerve to the brain” (Dictionary 2004). “Retina scans are performed by directing a low-intensity infrared light to capture the unique retina characteristics” (Dong-hun n.d.).
There are some limitations to using the methods of scanning the eye. According to an article in Consumer Reports 2002 August issue, “some color-changing contacts may disrupt the scanning process.” Also, retina scanning is very accurate for people who have healthy eyes, but for people who are blind and have cataracts retina scanning is ineffective.
In a “Philadelphia school system, officials are using the technology to track the comings and goings of thousands of workers" (Finger-Scanning Technology, 2002). “Fingerprint identification is the most commonly recognized and most widely applied form of Biometric technology. Fingerprint ID is based upon the fact that a person's fingerprint is completely unique to the individual. A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and furrows as well as the minutiae points. In the past, fingerprints were recorded by the application of ink to the finger which was then pressed to paper to give an impression. More recently, it has become possible to scan a person's fingerprint into virtual storage in a computer with the aid of laser technology. In order to prove identification, a person's fingerprint will be scanned again in the future by a similar device, and a match of print to name is verified through information systems. Techniques such as this are even currently being used in applications as commonplace as automatic teller machines and security locks. Look for fingerprinting to become a primary means of identification verification in the near future!” (Dong-hun, 1999)
“Face recognition identifies an individual by analyzing the unique shape, pattern and positioning of facial features” (Dong-hun n.d.). There are a few methods of identifying individuals through face recognition. By using a video camera, 80 points on the face will be measured, and then will be matched with images stored on the software (Your Body 2002). Another method is thermal imaging. Thermal imaging works by analyzing the blood vessels underneath the skin. The blood vessels give of heat and therefore show a pattern which can be matched with patterns in the software. The last method is Computer-Assisted Facial Image Identification System. According to an article found at the Federal Bureau of Investigation, facial image identification is becoming an important role in the identification of criminals. This image identification systems works by, “taking a 3D facial image of a suspect and the comparing it to the 2D facial image taken at the scene of a crime” (Yoshino, 2000).
With any kind of identification process there are going to be limitations that harm efficiencies. There are some limitations with face recognition. According to an article in Consumer Reports 2002 August issue, “hats, shadows, and changes in facial hair or hair style can interfere with face recognition.”
Hand scanning is the oldest form of identifying an individual. It was first used 20 years ago on Wall Street for security purposes (Dong-hun n.d.). After a certain age your hand does not change drastically, therefore allowing a hand reader to read your hand. A hand reader is a machine that captures a three-dimensional image of your hand. The hand reader measures the shape and length of the fingers and knuckles.
With hand geometry there are some problems. According to the National Center for State Courts (2002) the human hand is not unique enough to identify an individual. “However, it is possible to devise a method by combining various individual features and measurements of fingers and hands for verification purposes” (NCSC, 2002).
According to Dong-Hun “voice verification is the science of verifying a person's identity on the basis of their voice” ( Dong-Hun 1999). Dong went on to say that, exclusive features of a person's voice are digitized and compared with the individual's pre-recorded "voiceprint" sample stored in the database for identity verification. It is different from speech recognition because the equipment does not recognize the spoken word itself. To a certain extent, it recognizes the speaker of the words by analyzing distinctive speech characteristics, such as the regularity between phonetics. Speaker recognition technology makes it possible for a speaker's voice to control access to restricted services, for example, phone access to banking, database services, shopping or voice mail, and access to secure equipment. Voice recognition has already hit our civilian world in the use of cell phones. All that is required is pressing buttons which activates the voice recorder and then say the word and if already pre-programmed, your voice will activate the number and dial it. This is a very convenient tool when an individual is driving or has his or her hands full. “Speaker recognition technology makes it possible for a speaker's voice to control access to restricted services, for example, phone access to banking, database services, shopping or voice mail, and access to secure equipment (Dong-hun, 1999). The voice recognition doe have flaw such as the emotional state in which the individual was in when recording because that can cause an inflection in the voice. “The vocal tract consists of the laryngeal pharynx, oral pharynx, oral cavity, nasal pharynx, and the nasal cavity” (Das, R (n.d.). From these six ways of identifying a voice you can see that it is complex but open for failure. There are ways to make sure that the voice is accurate by implementing a camera for a positive I.D. of the person, but that is covered in the Iris scanning section. To date, the weakest link in speech recognition technology has been accuracy. “Also, most voice recognition systems achieve about a 90 - 93% accuracy rate. (Johnson, 1999)” This is fast changing, and current software programs have significantly improved within the last year. Voice recognition is good for personal use such as work, school or play. This can help people who are unable to use a keyboard for medical reasons such as a loss of limbs and so on. Voice recognition is getting more useful to the lay person and to the more advanced which is a positive for users and future buyers.
Signature verification is the process used to recognize an individual’s hand-written signature. As a replacement for a password or a PIN number, dynamic signature verification is a biometric technology that is used to positively identify a person from their handwritten signature. Dynamic signature verification utilizes the unique way in which a hand-written signature is made to identify or recognize an individual. This is done by analyzing the shape, speed, stroke, pen pressure and timing information during the act of signing the signature.
“There is an important distinction between simple signature comparisons and dynamic signature verification. Both can be computerized, but a simple comparison only takes into account what the signature looks like. Dynamic signature verification takes into account how the signature was made. With dynamic signature verification it is not the shape or look of the signature that is meaningful; it is the changes in speed, pressure and timing that occur during the act of signing. Only the original signer can recreate the changes in timing and X, Y, and Z pressure.” (Cyber-Sign, 2004)
Signature verification is also referred to as Dynamic Signature Verification (DSV). It is the least controversial of all the biometric technologies because of its amount of use in everyday transactions. Any process that requires a signature is a prime candidate for signature identification. Individuals are less likely to object to their signature being confirmed as compared to other possible biometric technologies. Not only is Dynamic Signature Verification the least controversial of current biometrics in society today, it is also the least expensive. Currently, tablet-based systems that operate using off the shelf digitizers cost as little as $99. “Over 100 patents have been issued regarding signature verification to companies such as IBM, National Computer Register, and VISA.” (Biometrics, 2002)
“There is a large growth of ID-card based biometric authentication for use in public services applications. The Philippines and Spain are two countries where card-based authentication is being implemented on a very large scale. These cards are used for multiple things such as digital parking meters, telephone, vending machines and identification. There is increasing interest in Australia and the U.S. in card-based, particularly smart card based, biometric authentication. Smart cards can offer new levels of flexibility to existing authentication infrastructures, and can allow for more secure access to private information. The growth of smart cards, and the combined use of smart cards and biometrics, could have a distinct effect on human services organizations over the next few years" (Biometrics, 2004). As for the military they have common access cards that have photo I.D., digital I.D., credit card, and birth day on it. It also holds what type of security clearance an individual has and in which sectors they are allowed to be in. These cards are known as smart cards and they are starting too implemented into the civilian world for banking, clocking in and out of work and so on.
The use of biometric technology raises many questions about the technology’s impact on privacy and human rights. Many people are saying that biometrics have serious implications on human rights and privacy (Clark 2001). What are some of the questions being asked about the use of biometric technology.
- Is the use of biometrics compatible with personal and informational privacy?
- What types of protections are necessary to ensure that biometrics are not used in a privacy-invasive fashion?
- Under what circumstances can biometric data be misused?
- In what situations do the potential risks of biometric usage outweigh the benefits?
Questions from < http://www.bioprivacy.org/>
Biometrics is one of the most serious among the many technologies of surveillance that are threatening the freedom of individuals and of societies (Clark 2001).
With the recent terrorist attacks security has become the top priority of educational institutions across the United States. Two companies have spent more money and effort in pushing for the advance of biometrics in today’s society.
Total/Terrorism Information Awareness (TIA) The Terrorism Information Awareness program is a program whose goal is to revolutionize the ability of the United States to detect, classify and identify foreign terrorists and allow the U.S. to take timely action to successfully anticipate and defeat terrorist acts.
“The TIA program objective is to create a counter-terrorism information system that:
Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) is the independent research branch of the U.S. Department of Defense that, among its other accomplishments, was the founder of a project that in time was to lead to the creation of the Internet. Originally called ARPA the "D" was added to its name later, DARPA came into being in 1958 as a reaction to the success of Sputnik, Russia's first manned satellite. DARPA's explicit mission was to think independently of the rest of the military and to respond quickly and innovatively to national defense challenges.
“In the late 1960s, DARPA provided funds and oversight for a project aimed at interconnecting computers at four university research sites. By 1972, this initial network, now called the ARPAnet, had grown to 37 computers. ARPANet and the technologies that went into it, including the evolving Internet Protocol (IP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), led to the Internet that we know today.” (DARPA)
Authentication and Authorization
Authentication and authorization are the cornerstones of any well-implemented security policy. Simple passwords are rarely adequate, and as organizations grow, control is quickly lost and administration and maintenance become a nightmare. Developing a complete policy that includes biometric technologies to assure authentication as well as data reliability is essential.
According to I/O Software, Inc., the four principal forms of Authentication are:
"What you know" - (Password and pass phrases) Passwords are the most common form of authenticating today. Traditional estimates show that there are close to a billion password-based authentications per day.
"What you have" - (Tokens: physical keys and smart cards) USB token devices are used for authenticating user identification, usually in coordination with a personal identification number or single password. USB tokens contain a small computer chip for securely storing information. “Smart cards come in two basic varieties: memory and microprocessor.” (I/O Software, 2004) Memory cards basically store data and can be viewed as a small floppy disk with optional protection. A microprocessor card can add, delete and influence information in its memory on the card. “Similar to a miniature computer, a microprocessor card has an input/output port operating system and hard disk with built-in security features.” (I/O Software, 2004)
"What you are" - (static biometrics: fingerprint, iris, face, etc.) Biometric authentication is an automated method where an individual's identity is confirmed by examining a unique physiological trait or behavioral characteristic, such as a fingerprint, iris, or signature.
"What you do" - (dynamic biometrics: voice, signature, etc.) Physiological traits are stable physical characteristics, such as palm prints and iris patterns. A behavioral characteristic-such as one's signature, voice, or keystroke dynamics is influenced by both controllable actions and less controllable psychological factors
Authored by: Eric Noe
A proposed policy concerning biometrics in post-high school distance learning programs regarding forged/false identities needs to be addressed. A grant’s program needs to be established to give to those universities that have distance learning programs pertaining to admissions, so they identify who is enrolled in their classes. For less than $100.00 each, installing the ePad would help to make it difficult for students to forge another student’s identity; alleviating many of the possible problems with online programs. “Online education is now offered at more than 56 percent of the nation’s two- and four-year colleges and universities, with distance learning beginning to extend to high schools” (Government Computer News, 2003). With this high amount of distant education, do educators really know who they are teaching?
There are many ways that a student’s identification can be checked before they can be enrolled in a class. One nearly fool proof way is through signature verification. “Online signature verification uses a digitizing tablet that captures both dynamic and spatial information of the writing. After preprocessing the signature, several features are extracted. The authenticity of a writer is determined by comparing an input signature to a stored reference set consisting of three signatures. The similarity between an input signature and the reference set is computed using string matching and the similarity value from the reference set are investigated. The best result yields a false reject rate of 2.8% and a false accept rate of 1.6%. These results come from an experiment database containing a total of 1,232 signatures of 102 individuals” (Government Computer News 2003). Having students sign their name in every time before they start their class will help assure educators that there is no identity fraud taking place. Therefore, educators know students are only getting credit for the work that they perform.
The ePad
Electronic Signature Solution, from Interlink Electronics, firmly
captures and binds handwritten signatures into Microsoft Word, Adobe Acrobat,
HTML, XLM and other electronic documents and forms. Compatible with all major
electronic signatures, ePad also
captures
handwriting biometrics to enable secure document binding and identity
authentication.
Picture provided by: https://interlinkstore.com/store/store_Main.cfm?action=detail&productID=8380
What are the monetary costs?
The monetary costs for an ePad electronic signature system is $95.00 each or a bulk rate of twenty-four including all software for $2,160.00. There are higher priced systems that include a fingerprint scanner built in for a price of $2,380.00. All products are also covered by a minimum 1-year warranty against material and manufacturing defects.
What are the monetary benefits?
What is the net difference between costs and benefits?
The 78 Indiana post high schools are receiving funding to install an electronic signature system in admissions for their distant learning programs.
What are the rates of return on investment?
The rate of return starts immediately. Knowing that students are only receiving a grade that they earned along with the assurance that there is no identity fraud-taking place is return enough.
Authored by: Josh Yoder
A proposed policy for education is to add biometrics to each school system 9-12 to help the schools with attendance, and library management which include checking out books and using computers. This would be put in place for more convenient use of time and money in our school system, which in turn will give the students all across America a richer education. The technology that would be implemented would be finger I.D. This scans your finger as you walk into classrooms and when logging on to a school computer.
Attendance at schools will get easier than before. No more writing it on paper and putting it in the hall for the office workers to collect or putting the names into the schools database via computer. These tasks take a considerable amount of time out of each class period where learning could have been done. If an individual were to take out 5 minutes each day for attendance then the would lose 25 minutes a week of learning, 2 class periods per month and 20 class periods in a 10 month school year. That is a considerable amount when it comes to the value of out children’s education. The technology that would be a time saver would be the finger I.D. for attendance in each class. All the students have to do is press a screen as they enter each class and then it automatically sends that information to the main computer where attendance is being recorded and file it. This would increase learning time. There are other areas in which these fingerprint scanning technology can be used, such as, checking out books from the school library and logging onto a school computer for internet use. “Fingerprints never lie. But if this sounds like Big Brother gone mad, you had better get used to it. The technology is called biometrics, and it's one of the fastest-growing information technology applications. In the next five years, the security-obsessed American economy will spend an estimated $US560bn ($902bn) on biometric systems for identifying everyone from employees and university students to passport holders and credit-card users” (Abernethy, 2004). As you can see this is a wave of the future and worth considering.
In Stockholm School System they have already put to use the fingerprint technology like I have presented earlier. They are using it for passwords to login to the computers and let the teachers or librarian know what each student is viewing or what they have viewed. “Stockholm was experiencing a loss of time in class trying to remember their codes to log on and having to call the office for help. So they researched a new idea and they came up with fingerprint scanning and it has “saved valuable classroom time—up to 50% on a 40 min lesson” (Stockholm, 2002). “Since WellSpan's fingerprint scanning is a pilot program, the price tag for a comprehensive system hasn't yet been established, but Mistretta expects it to be between $100 and $150 per workstation”( Baldwin, 2000).
Precise 100 A: The fact that Precise Biometrics' readers save the school's money as well as valuable classroom time are not insignificant bonuses.
Cost Benefit Analysis
· Monetary Costs- The average Price for fingerprint Identification technology can range from 70-700 dollars per screen pad depending on the model. “The server cost about $100 dollars per server” ( U.are.U BioLink Identification Server,2004). “Approximately 104,000”(American School Directory 2004) schools exist in the U.S. and if you take the average of 70-700 which would be about $420 then the approximate grant would need to be $43,680,000. For the server to bee in every school it will cost $10,400,000. So the grant in all needs to be for $54,080,000 to cover the entire U.S. school system so that no school system gets left out and that school run smoother while benefiting student’s education.
· Monetary benefits- Teachers use more time in the classroom teaching than wasting time each day to take attendance. By saving this time the school is also saving money and benefiting the students with more time to learn. This time is what could make a student or break a student. How can there be a monetary value on time in which students need to be educated for there own betterment. So the monetary benefit is that extra time each and everyday.
· What are the rates of return of investment?
The rate of investment in fingerprint identification software and hardware technology does not even compare to the value of time. Time is precious especially in education for learning.
Needed Grant- To make all of this possible a grant will need to be passed so that the schools around America will run smoother and save them valued time. This will save the school more money and benefit the students even more in the long run. To schools time is money. Let’s take a first year teacher salary which would average about $29,000. If you take into consideration a ten month school year which would be about 300 days the teacher is making about 96 dollars a day, which means they are making 12 dollars an hour. If you take 5 minutes out of that hour that means the school is paying a teacher five dollars every hour to take attendance. Now take that 5 dollars and times it by 300 days in a school year and you will see that $1500 dollars a year given to a teacher just for taking attendance. Now that is one teacher and you times that by how many teachers are in the U.S. and you will be able to see that this program will save money.
Authored by: Branden Jessie
A proposed policy for education is to insert biometrics in school systems that are having dilemmas with security. A grant program needs to be created for those school systems, K-12 that are in need of identifying individuals who are coming into the schools. Individuals including visitors, students, teachers, and school administrators need to be identified. Developing a meaningful security program in these areas will create a safer leaning environment for all children and others in the school system. Biometrics in school systems will give the students, parents, teachers, and school administrators a better sense of security.
With biometrics there are many different ways in which a school system can identify individuals coming into a school. The methods most often used are fingerprint recognition, hand recognition, and face recognition, along with other alternatives. “Students and employees at a Florida charter school check in by entering a personal four-digit identification code into an electronic black box, then place a finger on a sensor pad that recognizes their fingerprint” (Flanigan 2000). Flanigan (200) also states that a high school in New Mexico permits students, employees, and visitors to scan their handprints before entering the building. Scanning their hands will access templates in a computer database to look for a match. Once a match is found for students and employees they are let into the building. Visitors are scanned to see if they have a prior criminal record. According to a USA Today article (2004) a Phoenix school systems has been testing a biometric systems that will help regulate sex offenders from coming into their school. Officials at this Phoenix school have put cameras in the main office to recognize possible sex offenders. If the database of 80,000 finds a match the local police department is immediately notified. Pilot test similar to these methods will be focused on before school systems are able to receive a grant allowing them to put biometric technologies into their schools.
Biometric technologies need to be put into school systems in order to acquire a safe leaning environment for children. No one biometric technology is foolproof, but the best technology to implemented into school systems to enhance security are fingerprint recognition. Fingerprint recognition is the most commonly used biometric technology.
- What are the monetary costs?
The Monetary cost for a fingerprint recognition systems, which includes instillation, training, warranties, and everything to run the systems ranges from $9,990.00 to $33,411.00 (Visionics n.d.). The higher priced systems are used more often in airports and big business buildings. Each school system that receives a grant will get $15,000.00.
- What are the monetary benefits?
What are school systems getting when they purchase a fingerprint recognition system for security? This will create a better leaning environment for students, and allow the parents not to worry as much about there children going to school. This system will also help with identifying visitors coming into the school systems. A fingerprint systems will be able to know if the visitor coming into the school is a threat to students and staff. Security in schools with fingerprint recognitions systems will be much better than those without it.
- What is the net difference between costs and benefits?
The school will receive a grant allowing them to purchase a fingerprint recognition system.
- What are the rates of return on investment?
Once a school systems receives a fingerprint recognition systems the return of investment starts immediately. Knowing that that students are in a better an safer leaning environment is an investment in itself.
This report has looked at different viewpoints of Biometrics. It has considered what biometrics is, why it is important to the schools, what current policies are toward biometrics use, and many other policies. The report has also offered three main policy options that could be taken on by high schools and colleges all around the U.S. The policies examined on this report are all active policies and do not compare to a “do nothing policy.” Safety, distance learning, and efficiency are the main topics of our policies in out report and they push toward an enhanced education that is cutting edge and resourceful.
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